PDF version: Maintaining space for autonomy? Environmental assessments in the context of aboriginal land claims agreements

Case considered: Quebec (Attorney General) v. Moses, 2010 SCC 17

This is the first decision of the Supreme Court of Canada to examine a modern land claims agreement; in this case the James Bay and Northern Quebec Land Claim Agreement (JBNQA or the Agreement) between Canada, Quebec and the James Bay Cree and the Northern Quebec Inuit. The argument in the case happens to relate to the nature of the environmental assessment process that should be applied to a particular project but there is a much broader issue at stake which is the capacity of federal and provincial governments to continue to make and apply laws within the territory covered by the Agreement to matters “covered” by the terms of the Agreement. By adopting an artificial distinction between that which is covered by the Agreement and that which falls outside it, the majority recognize that governments have retained significant authority to “supplement” the terms of the Agreement. But the government’s authority to do so is not completely unlimited since the majority also recognizes that such authority must be exercised consistently with the Crown’s duty to consult. By contrast, the dissent takes a more robust view of the coverage of the land claims agreement and as a result limits the capacity of governments to create a parallel normative world that sidelines negotiated arrangements for autonomy.

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PDF version: No Dower Act Consent? Is the Transaction Void or Voidable?

Case considered: Charanek v. Khosla, 2010 ABQB 202

The question of whether failure to comply with the Dower Act’s requirements results in the transaction being void or voidable occurs with some frequency in Alberta (and not simply on our December Property Law examinations). This is odd because the relevant provisions of the Act have not changed since 1948 and the courts have addressed the consequences of the failure to comply with its requirements for consent quite often. Nevertheless, when Master in Chambers Jody L. Mason conducted a thorough review of the relevant legislation and case law in Charanek v. Khosla and concluded (at para. 61) that “the consequence of noncompliance with the consent requirements of the Dower Act remains an open question,” she was correct. She was also echoing a conclusion reached 50 years ago by Wilber Fee Bowker (former U of A Faculty of Law Dean and first Director of the Alberta Law Reform Institute), in “Reform of the Law of Dower in Alberta” (1960) 1 Alta. Law Rev. 501 at 502 where he observed:

From 1917 until today the courts and legislature and the legal profession too have wrestled with the question - what is the effect of the disposition of the homestead made without consent, properly given and executed?

Thirty-four years later, that very question continues to be with us. . . .

The crux of the problem is that the Supreme Court of Canada said in Meduk and Meduk v. Soja and Soja, [1958] S.C.R. 167 that the transaction was void and the Alberta Court of Appeal, in Schwormstede v. Green Drop Ltd. (1994), 22 Alta. L.R. (3d) 89, 116 D.L.R. (4th) 622, held that the transaction was voidable, but without mentioning the Supreme Court of Canada case.

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PDF version: Differential Treatment of Equality Law post-Kapp 

Case considered: Woodward v. Council of the Fort McMurray No. 468 First Nation, 2010 FC 337

There have been several posts on ABlawg concerning the Supreme Court’s most significant equality rights decision of late, R. v. Kapp, 2008 SCC 41. Jonnette Watson Hamilton nominated Kapp as the leading equality rights case of the 2000s. She and I have also written on the application of Kapp (or lack thereof) in cases such as Ermineskin Indian Band and Nation v. Canada, 2009 SCC 9; Morrow v. Zhang, 2009 ABCA 215 (see also here); and Cunningham v. Alberta (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development), 2009 ABCA 239. We are hosting a continuing legal education session on Litigating Equality Claims Post-Kapp on June 15, 2010, and hope to have a good turnout of equality rights litigators, judges and NGOs to discuss the implications of Kapp (note: the last date to register is June 1, 2010). The need for this session is real because, even two years post-Kapp, some lower courts continue to ignore the ruling in that case. The latest example is a decision of Justice James O’Reilly of the Federal Court in a case involving voting rights of non-resident members of the Fort McMurray First Nation in Woodward v. Council of the Fort McMurray No.468 First Nation.

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PDF version: Is a dismissed complainant in a professional disciplinary proceeding sufficiently ‘aggrieved’ to seek judicial review? 

Case considered: Mitten v. College of Alberta Psychologists, 2010 ABCA 159

Many professions governed by statute have a legislated complaint process whereby the public (typically a current or former client) is able to instigate an investigation into alleged member misconduct. In March 2005, Ida Mitten filed a written complaint against her former psychologist with the College of Alberta Psychologists pursuant to section 29 of the Psychology Profession Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. P-36 (Note this legislation has been superceded by amendments to the Health Professions Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. H-7, but here the Court of Appeal applies the Psychology Profession Act in accordance with legislated transitional provisions and all section references in this comment relate to the Psychology Profession Act). Her complaint was ultimately dismissed by the College in October 2007 on the basis of insufficient evidence of psychologist misconduct.

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PDF version: There is Rarely Compensation for the Wrongful Filing of Caveats

Case considered: Singh v. 862500 Alberta Ltd., 2010 ABCA 117

This case may be of interest to some because judgments considering claims for compensation for wrongly filed or maintained caveats under section 144 of the Land Titles Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. L-4, are not common in Alberta - only a handful seem to have been reported over the years. This case would have been more interesting had the claim succeeded, as successful lawsuits for compensation for wrongly filed or maintained caveats appear to be even rarer. The reason for the rarity of success appears to be the test for compensation in the Land Titles Act and the courts’ interpretation of that test. Section 144 requires that, in order for compensation to be awarded for the wrongful filing or maintaining of a caveat, the caveat must be filed or continued “without reasonable cause.” In Singh v. 862500 Alberta Ltd., the Court of Appeal determined that, because the appellant’s position regarding the interpretation of his purchase agreement was not “entirely unreasonable,” no compensation should be awarded for what did turn out to be a wrongful filing of a caveat. Granted, the test in section 144 is not whether the caveat is upheld but whether the caveator had reasonable cause to file a caveat. Nevertheless, in Singh v. 862500 Alberta Ltd., the bar seems to be set quite low, with “no reasonable cause” being equated to “not entirely unreasonable.”

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PDF version: Questions About the Role of Reasonableness and Mutual Restraining Orders in Family Violence Cases 

Cases considered: Petropoulos v. Petropoulos, 2010 ABQB 296; Andres v. Andres, 2009 ABQB 26

The Protection Against Family Violence Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. P-27 (PAFVA) has been in force since 1999. One of the motivations behind the PAFVA was to make it easier for victims of family violence to obtain emergency protection than the previous system of civil restraining orders had allowed for. Nevertheless, the practice of issuing restraining orders in family violence cases has not disappeared. In fact, there are a number of cases where judges have issued “mutual restraining orders” when deciding whether to confirm emergency protection orders issued under the PAFVA. This comment will raise some concerns with that practice. It will also review the propriety of an objective component to proving family violence in order to obtain relief under the PAFVA. Both of these issues arise in two recent decisions of Justice Joanne Veit of the Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench.

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Case considered: R. v. B.P., 2010 ABQB 204

PDF version: Lawyer, Not Intervenor

In R. v. B.P., 2010 ABQB 204, Madam Justice Strekaf denied intervenor status to the former lawyer for the appellant accused. The accused had entered a plea to a charge of possession of a weapon for a dangerous purpose. He sought to have the plea set aside on the basis of ineffective assistance by his trial lawyer, Mr. McAviney. Mr. McAviney sought intervenor status in the appeal on the basis that the argument for ineffective assistance of counsel gave him a “direct interest in the outcome of the case” (B.P. at para. 8). He suggested that the “real lis” of the appeal was between Mr. McAviney and the accused, rather than between the accused and the Crown.

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Case considered: Tsuu T’ina Nation v Alberta (Environment), 2010 ABCA 137

PDF version: Water management planning and the Crown’s duty to consult and accommodate

The Court of Appeal, in a reasons for judgement reserved decision written by Justice Clifton O’Brien on behalf of a unanimous three person panel (Justices Ellen Picard and Patricia Rowbotham concurring), has rejected the challenge made by two First Nations, the Tsuu T’ina and the Samson Cree, to the South Saskatchewan Water Management Plan (SS WMP). The First Nations challenged the Plan on the basis that the Crown had not fulfilled its constitutional duty to consult and accommodate when it developed and adopted that Plan. The Court found that: (1) the Crown did have a duty to consult (certainly with respect to the Tsuu T’ina, less clearly so with respect to the Samson Cree, at para.70), (2) the content of the duty to consult was at the very low end of the scale “having regard to the nature of the proposed government action, the seriousness of the appellants’ rights and claims, and the potential adverse impacts upon those rights and claims” (at para. 95), and (3) the duty to consult had been satisfied (at paras 130 and 136).

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Disposition of Regulated Property Regulation (Draft) AR 4570 Draft DRReg 2010 03 31 (available by Email request)

PDF version: Filling the Gap: The Proposed “Disposition of Regulated Property Regulation”

On March 31, 2010 the Alberta government issued a draft regulation pursuant to the Alberta Utilities Commission Act, S.A. 2007, c. A-37.2 (”AUCA”), the Disposition of Regulated Property Regulation (Draft) (”Draft Regulation”). The power to enact regulations is contained in s. 75 of the AUCA, which gives the Lieutenant-Governor in Council the power to make regulations “adding to, clarifying, limiting or restricting” any of the powers granted pursuant to the AUCA. In this case the Draft Regulation is stated expressly to operate as “an addition to” powers granted to the AUC under the Gas Utilities Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. G-5 and the Public Utilities Act, R.S.A. 2000, c. P-5. (Draft Regulation, s. 2(1)).

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Case considered: Canadian Human Rights Commission v. Attorney General of Canada, et al., 2009 FCA 309, leave to appeal to Supreme Court of Canada granted, SCC Bulletin April 23, 2010, #33507, 2010 CanLII 20527

PDF version: Legal costs can be an issue in human rights cases

In the past few years, the issue of whether and how much legal costs should be awarded in human rights cases has arisen several times in Alberta (see my post on Boissoin v. Lund, for example). The costs issue has also arisen in a federal human rights case and will soon be addressed by the Supreme Court of Canada.

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