Author Archives: Jonnette Watson Hamilton

About Jonnette Watson Hamilton

B.A. (Alta.), LL.B. (Dal.), LL.M. (Col.). Professor Emerita. Please click here for more information.

Is a Bison Squeeze Real or Personal Property? A Question of Law or a Question of Interpretation?

Case considered: Olson v. Angermeier, 2009 ABQB 356

PDF version: Is a Bison Squeeze Real or Personal Property? A Question of Law or a Question of Interpretation?

One of the first things a law student in first year property law class learns is the distinction between real property and personal property, the most basic of divisions in this area of law. The distinction is usually taught with reference to a case or two about the law of fixtures. The law of fixtures is the area of law that encompasses the legal rules that apply to transform personal property to real property and vice versa. There are hundreds of cases concerned with classifying something as real or personal property. The controversies usually arise in connection with the sale of real property. For example, is the dishwasher real or personal property? Does it go with the house on the sale of the real property or can the seller move it out with his or her other personal property? This type of question was the issue in Olson v. Angermeier. Was a bison squeeze a chattel (personal property) or a fixture (real property)? Answering that question would determine whether or not the bison squeeze was part of the sale of the NE¼-9-62-5-W5th.

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The perils of selling the same property twice (with an aside on styles of appellate decision-making)

Case considered: Castledowns Law Office Management Ltd. v. FastTrack Technologies Inc., 2009 ABCA 148

PDF version: The perils of selling the same property twice (with an aside on styles of appellate decision-making)

This was a dispute between two purchasers of the same piece of commercial real estate in Edmonton, the Vienna Building at 7708-104 Street. The vendor, 1131102 Alberta Ltd, sold the property first to FastTrack Technologies Inc. (FastTrack). That agreement was conditional upon the vendor’s lawyer’s approval. The vendor also entered into a second or back-up agreement with Castledowns Law Office Management Ltd. (Castledowns). The back-up agreement with Castledowns was conditional on “satisfactory confirmation of termination” of the FastTrack agreement. The resolution of the dispute turned on the interpretation to be given those words. This was the issue on which the dissent of Mr. Justice Frans Slatter parted ways with the majority judgment of Madam Justice Carole Conrad, concurred in by Mr. Justice Clifton O’Brien. Was it enough if the vendor could legally terminate the agreement with FastTrack and did so? Or did FastTrack have to ratify any purported termination by the vendor? This contract interpretation issue is perhaps less interesting than the fact that neither the majority nor the dissenting judgment engage with the other on that or any other issue. This style of appellate decision-making has been called “uncooperative” in the empirical literature that examines why justices decide as they do. (See, e.g., Benjamin Alarie and Andrew Green, “Charter Decisions in the McLachlin Era: Consensus and Ideology at the Supreme Court of Canada.”) The label “uncooperative” is not necessarily intended to be pejorative, depending on the reason for the lack of cooperation. Some judges value independence as the best method for achieving internally consistent reasoned decisions. Some Chief Justices encourage certain styles of interaction in the preparation of judgments. Sometimes, however, the lack of cooperation is due to ideological or personal differences. It usually takes a very large number of judgments before the reason becomes clear, with ideological or personal constraints on cooperation tending to lead to more plurality and dissenting judgments.

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Do testators have moral as well as legal obligations to their dependants? Not in Alberta

Case considered: Petrowski v. Petrowski Estate, 2009 ABQB 196

PDF version: Do testators have moral as well as legal obligations to their dependants? Not in Alberta

Alberta’s Dependants Relief Act, RSA 2000, c. D-10.5 allows adult children who are unable to earn a livelihood by reason of physical or mental disability to challenge their parent’s will if that will does not made “adequate” provision for their “proper maintenance and support.” There is similar legislation in other provinces and the leading precedent on what factors a judge should take into account in exercising their discretion to vary a will is a Supreme Court of Canada decision on appeal from British Columbia: Tataryn v. Tataryn Estate, [1994] 2 S.C.R. 807. The Supreme Court held in Tataryn that a judge was not limited to a needs-based analysis, but should also consider the deceased’s moral obligations. However, the British Columbia legislation the Supreme Court interpreted in Tataryn differs from Alberta’s in two important respects and the Alberta Court of Appeal has yet to consider the relevance of these differences. It is therefore still an open question in Alberta as to whether or not Tataryn applies to the interpretation of this province’s statute and whether moral obligations can or should be taken into consideration. The Petrowski v. Petrowski Estate judgment is the latest Queen’s Bench decision to grapple with this issue. It holds that, in Alberta, only the obligations imposed in law by the legislature are moral obligations; law is co-extensive with morality in this context. The result of this decision is that a property owner’s freedom to dispose of his property is enhanced.

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No one wins when relatives fight over an estate, lawyers behave with incivility, and judges are asked but refuse to recuse themselves

Cases Considered: Nazarewycz v. Dool, 2009 ABCA 70.

PDF Version:  No one wins when relatives fight over an estate, lawyers behave with incivility, and judges are asked but refuse to recuse themselves

There is little in this case that shows estate work in a good light. It involves relatives accused of a multitude of sins in their fight over a deceased aunt’s property, lawyers accused of being uncivil, and judges accused of bias. All were vindicated in one way or another by the judgment of the Court of Appeal, but no one won. There was too much strife among relatives; too much manoeuvring for a piece of someone else’s pie. And when counsel and the presiding judge became embroiled in the dispute and appeared to take it personally, the legal system was also diminished.

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The End of Law: A New Framework for Analyzing Section 15(1) Charter Challenges

By: Jennifer Koshan and Jonnette Watson Hamilton

PDF Version: The End of Law: A New Framework for Analyzing Section 15(1) Charter Challenges

Case Commented On: Ermineskin Indian Band and Nation v Canada, 2009 SCC 9

After the Supreme Court of Canada handed down its decision in R v Kapp, 2008 SCC 41 in June of 2008 there were questions about whether the Court had changed the legal framework for analyzing challenges brought under section 15(1) of the Charter. Kapp had clearly changed the approach to section 15(2), granting it independent status to protect ameliorative laws, programs and activities. However, on the topic of section 15(1), the Court had sent mixed signals about its intended approach. The message sent by the Court’s February 13, 2009 decision in Ermineskin Indian Band and Nation v Canada is much clearer; the legal framework for analyzing section 15(1) claims will be very different than it has been for the past decade.
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