W(D) Strikes Again!

By: Lisa Silver

PDF Version: W(D) Strikes Again!

Case Commented On: R v Ibrahim, 2019 ONCA 631 (CanLII)

W(D), [1991] 1 SCR 742, is entrenched in our justice system. This seminal Supreme Court of Canada decision provides a tight three-pronged approach to the application of reasonable doubt to the oft divergent evidence from the prosecution and the defence. W(D) has been considered, re-considered, and applied over 10,100 times since its release in 1991. It serves as a continual source of discussion and inspiration for scholars like me. Although the principle in and of itself is not overly complex, it is in the application of the principle to complex and unique scenarios that can raise unforeseen or even novel W(D) issues. In this post, I will consider R v Ibrahim, 2019 ONCA 631, a recent decision from the Ontario Court of Appeal, tackling the thorny issue of applying W(D) to objective mens rea offences. This will also require a detailed discussion on objective and subjective mens rea. The purpose of this robust and far reaching discussion is not to outline the differences between the two forms of liability but to appreciate the similarities. Although objective and subjective mens rea have differing aspects and sightlines, they are part of a continuum of awareness, which is key to understanding what makes conduct a crime. Such exploration is necessary to expand our understanding of why – and how – W(D) matters. For more background on subjective and objective mens rea, read my previous article on “The Subjective/Objective Debate Explained.” Continue reading →

Police Information Check, Vulnerable Sector Check and Privacy Rights

By: Myrna El Fahkry Tuttle

PDF Version: Police Information Check, Vulnerable Sector Check and Privacy Rights

Case Commented On: Edmonton (Police Service) v Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner), 2019 ABQB 587 (CanLII)

This case comes shortly after our Centre (Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre (ACLRC)) published a report entitled Collection, Storage and Disclosure of Personal Information by the Police: Recommendations for National Standards (ACLRC Report) which tackled similar issues to those decided upon by the Court of Queen’s Bench.

In this case, the appellant, Edmonton Police Service (EPS), sought judicial review of portions of a decision of Adjudicator Teresa Cunningham from the Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner, under the provisions of the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIP). The Adjudicator had ordered EPS: (1) not to use AB’s personal information in contravention of Part 2 of FOIP (2) not to disclose AB’s personal information in contravention of Part 2 of FOIP; and (3) to notify her and AB within fifty days of receiving these orders that EPS would comply with them (at para 5). Continue reading →

Federal Court of Appeal Provides Reasons in TMX Leave Applications

By: Nigel Bankes, Martin Olszynski and David Wright

PDF Version: Federal Court of Appeal Provides Reasons in TMX Leave Applications

Decision Commented On: Raincoast Conservation Foundation v Canada (Attorney General), 2019 FCA 224.

On September 4, 2019, the Federal Court of Appeal (FCA) granted leave to six of the twelve parties who had applied for judicial review of Cabinet’s decision to re-approve the Trans Mountain Expansion (TMX) project. This post situates this most recent development in the broader TMX context and examines this rare instance of the FCA providing reasons in a leave decision. Continue reading →

The End of Adverse Possession?

By: Stella Varvis

PDF Version: The End of Adverse Possession?

Report Commented On:Alberta Law Reform Commission, Adverse Possession and Lasting Improvements to Wrong Land, Report for Discussion No 33 (July 2019)

Squatters. Land rustlers. Property pirates.

No matter how you describe it, the law of adverse possession suffers from a public perception problem. Many Albertans believe that adverse possession is an affront to their real property rights, or that that it simply shouldn’t exist within a Torrens land titles system. Despite the fact that adverse possession has existed in Alberta since the province’s inception – and that successful cases are relatively rare – the idea that adverse possession rewards a deliberate trespasser, and penalizes a registered owner who is forced to give up some of their titled land without any compensation, continues to persist. Continue reading →

Time for Buy-Back: Supreme Court Set to Hear Important Adverse Effects Discrimination Case

By: Jennifer Koshan and Jonnette Watson Hamilton

PDF Version: Time for Buy Back: Supreme Court Set to Hear Important Adverse Effects Discrimination Case

Case Commented On: Fraser v Canada (Attorney General), 2018 FCA 223 (CanLII), leave to appeal granted, 2019 CanLII 42345 (SCC)

In December, the Supreme Court of Canada will hear an appeal in an equality rights challenge under section 15(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Several female members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police argue that their employer’s pension rules – which denied pension buy-back rights to those who were job-sharing – discriminated against them based on their sex and family or parental status. The case is a classic example of adverse effects discrimination, involving a claim that a law or policy that is neutral on its face has an adverse impact on the basis of grounds protected under section 15(1). In this post we will review the Federal Court and Federal Court of Appeal decisions rejecting the women’s claim to set the stage for the upcoming appeal at the Supreme Court. Continue reading →