Author: David V Wright Page 2 of 6

M.A. (Dalhousie), J.D. (Dalhousie), LL.M. (Stanford).
Associate Professor.
Please click here for more information.

Not Plenary, but Not Nothing Either: Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Supreme Court Opinion on the (un)Constitutionality of the Federal Impact Assessment Regime

On November 10, 2023

In Constitutional, Environmental, Supreme Court of Canada

By: David V. Wright

Case Commented On: Reference re Impact Assessment Act, 2023 SCC 23 (CanLII)

PDF Version: Not Plenary, but Not Nothing Either: Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Supreme Court Opinion on the (un)Constitutionality of the Federal Impact Assessment Regime

The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) recently released its opinion on the constitutionality of the federal impact assessment (IA) regime. In a 5:2 majority opinion, Chief Justice Richard Wagner concluded that much of the scheme is unconstitutional for projects falling primarily within provincial jurisdiction. ABlawg has published initial reflections (see here and here), as well as a primer.

One aspect of the majority opinion and any forthcoming legislative amendments that is in need of further attention is the Court’s analysis of greenhouse gas emissions. This post focuses on that aspect. In short, the majority reiterated that there is no plenary federal power to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and found that Canada had not adequately made the legal argument to support inclusion of a designated project’s greenhouse gas emissions as a basis for triggering the Impact Assessment Act, SC 2019, c 28, s 1 (IAA) or for making final decisions. However, the majority left the door open on this aspect, while also clarifying that there are no constitutional constraints during the assessment phase (i.e. information gathering phase) of the federal process. At the present juncture, the SCC opinion provides some valuable additional clarity regarding greenhouse gas emissions, but very far from total clarity. Uncertainty remains, and that is unfortunate. In the following discussion, I lay out what the majority said and did not say on greenhouse gas emissions, what that means, and what’s next.

British Columbia Free Entry Mining System Triggers Duty to Consult and Must Change: Gitxaala v British Columbia (Chief Gold Commissioner)

By David V Wright

On October 18, 2023

In Aboriginal, Indigenous, Provincial Court

By: David V. Wright

Case Commented On: Gitxaala v British Columbia (Chief Gold Commissioner), 2023 BCSC 1680 (CanLII)

PDF Version: British Columbia Free Entry Mining System Triggers Duty to Consult and Must Change: Gitxaala v British Columbia (Chief Gold Commissioner)

The Supreme Court of British Columbia (BCSC) recently ruled that the existing mineral tenure system in the province triggers provincial Crown obligations to consult First Nations. While the duty to consult is now a relatively mature area of law in Canada that is “replete with indicia for what constitutes meaningful consultation” (Coldwater First Nation v Canada (Attorney General), 2020 FCA 34 (CanLII) at para 41), some areas of uncertainty remain. This case dealt with one such long-standing question: does British Columbia’s “free entry” mineral tenure regime trigger the Crown’s duty to consult? This post discusses the findings of the court and briefly comments on implications of the decision for BC and the rest of Canada. My colleague Nigel Bankes recently wrote a post on the aspect of this decision pertaining to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (here), and my other colleague, Dr. Elizabeth Steyn, will soon publish a post on the sacred sites dimension of the decision.

EIA Law Class Recommendations for Reforming Provincial Environmental Assessment

By David V Wright

On October 12, 2023

In Environmental, Law Reform

By: David V. Wright and the EIA Law Class

Matter Considered: Nova Scotia Environmental Assessment (EA) Modernization initiative and other existing and future initiatives to reform provincial assessment regimes

PDF Version: EIA Law Class Recommendations for Reforming Provincial Environmental Assessment

Last week, my Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Law class generated recommendations to submit to the Nova Scotia Environmental Assessment (EA) Modernization initiative. To do so, we employed a “policy lab” approach, which entails an open and collaborative space where students can be innovative and apply the expertise and knowledge they’ve gained through the course to date. The idea is essentially collaborative problem-solving that resembles what students will hopefully encounter in their future careers in law and policy reform, be it in private, public, not-for-profit, or other settings. In class, students worked in small groups focused on particular issues and areas (e.g. climate change, public participation) and then generated preliminary draft recommendations, workshopped those drafts with peers and professor, and then fine-tuned to finalize. The final version was submitted to the Nova Scotia engagement process. Nova Scotia was a natural focus because that jurisdiction is currently engaged in reform. Notably, this EA “modernization” is actually required by law, as it is an explicit commitment set out in s 12 of Nova Scotia’s Environmental Goals and Climate Change Reduction Act, SNS 2021, c 20 (EGCCRA) (for context about using a legislated approach to strengthen environmental governance, see this excellent article by Meinhard Doelle and William Lahey).

Supreme Court of Canada Will Soon Rule on the Constitutionality of the Federal Impact Assessment Act. Here’s What to Watch for…

By David V Wright

On October 3, 2023

In Environmental, Supreme Court of Canada

By: David V. Wright

Matter Commented On: Forthcoming Supreme Court of Canada reference case in the Matter of An Act to enact the Impact Assessment Act and the Canadian Energy Regulator Act, to amend the Navigation Protection Act and to make consequential amendments to other Acts, SC 2019, c 28 and the Physical Activities Regulations, SOR/2019-285; and the Matter of a Reference by the Lieutenant Governor in Council to the Court of Appeal of Alberta under the Judicature Act, RSA 2000, c J-2, s 26

PDF Version: Supreme Court of Canada Will Soon Rule on the Constitutionality of the Federal Impact Assessment Act. Here’s What to Watch for…

For anyone interested in impact assessment in Canada, this is a suspenseful time. The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) is expected to soon release its ruling on the constitutionality of the federal Impact Assessment Act, SC 2019, c 28 [IAA] and the associated Physical Activities Regulations, SOR/2019-285 (the latter setting out the list of projects that trigger application of the regime). My Environmental Impact Assessment Law seminar students and I are set to dive deeply into the decision as soon as it drops, and no doubt many others plan to do similar. For now, this short post sets out ten things to watch for. (For those interested in deeper dives into this statutory regime and how we got here, see my previous publications here, here and here).

Canada’s Collaborative Modern Treaty Implementation Policy: A New Roadmap in a Long Journey

By David V Wright

On May 31, 2023

In Aboriginal, Indigenous

By: David V. Wright

Matter Commented On: Canada’s Collaborative Modern Treaty Implementation Policy

PDF Version: Canada’s Collaborative Modern Treaty Implementation Policy: A New Roadmap in a Long Journey

After years of requests and proposals from Indigenous Modern Treaty parties, the federal government has released Canada’s Collaborative Modern Treaty Implementation Policy. This is the latest development in a series of law and policy reforms introduced by the federal government in this area in recent years. The main purpose of the new policy is to “support the full, effective, and timely implementation of all current and future Modern Treaties in Canada, with the specific goal of advancing a systemic shift in institutional culture” (Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, News Release, “Modern Treaty Partners and Canada Launch Co-Developed Policy to Transform Intergovernmental Relationships” (28 February 2023)). This short post explains the context into which the new Policy enters and provides a succinct overview of its contents.